Histology

                     Hodgkin's lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma: is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of your immune 

system.In Hodgkin's lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and may 

spread beyond the lymphatic system. 

As Hodgkin's lymphoma progresses, it compromises your body's ability to fight infection.Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. The other type, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is far more common.

It's not clear what causes Hodgkin's lymphoma.most Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs when an infection-fighting cell called a B cell develops a mutation in its DNA. The mutation tells the cells to divide rapidly and to continue living when a healthy cell would die. The mutation causes a large number of oversized, abnormal B cells to accumulate in the lymphatic system, where they crowd out healthy cells and cause the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Hodgkin's lymphoma signs and symptoms may include:

• Painless swelling of lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin
• Persistent fatigue
• Fever and chills
• Night sweats
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Itching

Histology

Botulinum Toxin

Botulinum toxin is among the most deadly naturally occurring Neurotoxins, produced by the naturally occurring Clostridium botulinum and causing the fatal disease Botulism.  

Botulinum toxin is a protein consisting of seven related A-B toxins. Each botulinum toxin molecule is comprised of a heavy chain and of a light chain, connected by a disulfide bond. Botulinum toxin is a "blocking agent" preventing the release of certain neurotransmitters, specifically Acetylcholine, from the endings of the motor nerves.

Botulinum toxin has a light chain and a heavy chain, each of which contributes to the toxicity. The heavy chain allows the protein to bind to and enter a neuron. After the heavy chain allows entry, the light chain acts like a protease and cleaves proteins that would normally allow neurotransmitters to leave the cell. This is essentially a disruption of exocytosis or the release of neurotransmitters.

The blocked neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine, normally transmits a nerve impulse to a muscle, signaling the muscle to contract. By blocking this neurotransmitter, botulinum toxin causes its characteristic flaccid paralysis 

Histology

                                                                   
                                                              Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 

          The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a genetic connective tissue disorder that affect blood vessels, skin, bone, ligaments, internal organ and teeth. It is supposed that 1 out of 5000 individuals suffer from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome throughout the world. The clinical symptoms varies from mild skin and joint dislocation to severe and life threatening vascular type. The most common form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is characterized by hyper extensibility of skin, fragile tissue especially skin which causes easy bruising, poor wound healing and hyper mobility of joint which causes dislocation and joint pain. In addition, mutation in the collagen which is one of the principal components of connective tissue lead to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 

 There are six distinct types of EDS and the main reason for causing this syndrome in gene mutation in collagen type I, III and IV. 

                     
              There is no cure for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome but treatment manage manifestation and prevent further damage. By decreasing blood pressure, reduce the stress in vassal because of fragile blood vessels. Pain relievers ibuprofen and naproxen sodium can reduce joint pain. Furthermore, maybe surgery recommended for repairing joints damaged.

Histology

                        

Nissl bodies (Nissl substance)

Nissl bodies is a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes. They are the site of protein synthesis. The functions of Nissl bodies is thought to be the same as that of the rest of the ER and the golgi apparatus: the manufacture and release of proteins.

Astrocytes

Astrocytes are the most numerous and diverse neuroglial cells in the CNS. The functions of astroglial cells are many; astrocytes create the brain environment, build up the micro-architecture of the brain parenchyma, maintain brain homeostasis, store and distribute energy substrates, control the development of neural cells, synaptogenesis and synaptic maintenance and provide for brain defense.

Gray and White matter

The CNS has two kinds of tissue: grey matter and white matter, Grey matter, which has a pinkish-grey color in the living brain, contains the cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals of neurons, so it is where all synapses are. White matter is made of axons connecting different parts of grey matter to each other.

Histology

Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum’s disease)

Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease), coined by Dercum in 1892, is a rare disease of subcutaneous fat characterized by localized overgrowth of fat with painful subcuta­neous plaques. 

It is commonly seen in menopausal obese females and is often associ­ated with fatigue, weakness and severe emotional disturbances. The fat deposits give 'bag of worms' feel on palpation. The lesions may be localized or generalized, can occur anywhere but most common sites are the juxta articular areas. Pain occurs spontaneously or on pressure in cyclical pattern. Patient may lose weight and become asthenic as the disease progresses. The most common locations for painful fat and for lipomas are the extremities, the trunk, the pelvic area, and the buttocks. Dercum’s disease most commonly appears between the ages of 35 and 50 years. It is five to thirty times more common in women than in men and, originally, Dercum proposed that the condition mainly affects postmenopausal women. Furthermore, Dercum attributed the disease to an endocrine dysfunction such as thyroid gland or hypophyseal dysfunction. The disease does not respond to routine analgesics but only to IV lidocaine.