Histology

   

                                                   Celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD), or gluten sensitive enteropathy, is a condition in which ingested wheat gluten or related proteins from rye and barley are not tolerated. HLA and non-HLA genes together with gluten and possibly additional environmental factors are involved in disease development. CD4`T cells are central in controlling an immune response to gluten that causes the immunopathology, but the actual mechanisms responsible for the tissue damage are as yet only partly characterized. This causes inflammation in the intestines and damages the villi, the hair-like structures on the lining of the small intestine. If the villi are damaged, the person cannot absorb nutrients properly and ends up malnourished, no matter how much he or she eats. The classic signs are diarrhea and weight loss. In addition to digestive problems, other symptoms include:

·         Anemia

·         Osteoporosis and osteomalacia

·         Itchy, blistery skin rash

·         Damage to dental enamel

·         Headaches and fatigue

A gluten-free diet is essential, and the only treatment for managing celiac disease.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

                   Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) acts like a sliding hinge, connecting jawbone to skull. TMJ disorders can cause pain in jaw joint and in the muscles that control jaw movement. The exact cause of a person's TMJ disorder is often difficult to determine. Pain may be due to a combination of problems, such as arthritis or jaw injury. Some people who have jaw pain also tend to clench or grind their teeth, but many people habitually clench their teeth and never develop TMJ disorders.

Symptoms of TMJ disorders:

·         Pain of jaw

·         Aching pain in and around ear

·         Difficulty chewing or discomfort while chewing

·         Aching facial pain

·         Locking of the joint (difficult to open or close your mouth)

           The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) combines a hinge action with sliding motions. The parts of the bones that interact in the joint are covered with cartilage and are separated by a small shock-absorbing disk, which normally keeps the movement smooth.

Painful TMJ disorders can occur if:

·         The disk erodes or moves out of its proper alignment

·         The joint's cartilage is damaged by arthritis

·         The joint is damaged by a blow or other impact

One of the non-pharmaceutical treatments for TMJ disorder is Bite guards.

                                                       

                                                        Swollen lymph nodes

               Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of exposure to bacteria or viruses. When swollen lymph nodes are caused by an infection, this is known as lymphadenitis.  Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer.

                Common areas for swollen lymph nodes include neck, under chin, armpits and groin. In some cases, the passage of time and warm compresses may be all you need to treat swollen lymph nodes. Treatment for lymphadenitis depends on the cause.  Symptom such as: Tender and painful lymph nodes, sore throat, fever and other indications of an upper respiratory infection and night sweats. The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an infection, particularly a viral infection, such as the common cold. However, there are other types of infections, including parasitic and bacterial.

 common infection

• Strep throat
• Measles
• Ear infections
• Infected tooth
• Mononucleosis
• Skin or wound infections, such as cellulitis or erysipelas
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) — AIDS