Histology

    Cataract

A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of eyes. Clouded vision caused by cataracts can make it more difficult to read, drive a car (especially at night).

Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up eye's lens.Some cataracts are related to inherited genetic disorders that cause other health problems and increase the risk of cataracts. Cataracts can also be caused by other eye conditions, medical conditions such as diabetes, trauma or past eye surgery. Long-term use of steroid medications, too, can cause cataracts to develop.

The lens, where cataracts form, is positioned behind the iris. The lens focuses light that passes into eye, producing clear, sharp images on the retina, the light-sensitive membrane on the back inside wall of the eyeball that functions like the film of a camera.

A cataract scatters the light as it passes through the lens, preventing a sharply defined image from reaching your retina. As a result, vision becomes blurred.

Symptoms:

·         Clouded, blurred or dim vision

·         Increasing difficulty with vision at night

·         Sensitivity to light and glare

·         Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription

·         Fading or yellowing of colors

·         Double vision in a single eye

The only effective treatment for cataracts is surgery.

Histology

                                         

    Mumps

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid glands, one of three pairs of saliva-producing (salivary) glands, situated below and in front of ears. The cause of mumps is the mumps virus, which spreads easily from person to person through infected saliva.

Symptom:

·         Swollen, painful salivary glands on one or both sides of your face (parotitis)

·         Fever

·         Headache

·         Muscle aches

·         Weakness and fatigue

·         Loss of appetite

·         Pain while chewing or swallowing

Because mumps is caused by a virus, antibiotics aren't effective. Fortunately, most children and adults recover from an uncomplicated case of mumps within about two weeks.

In general, person has an immunity to mumps if previously had the infection or if they've been immunized against mumps.

The mumps vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) inoculation, which contains the safest and most effective form of each vaccine. Two doses of the MMR vaccine are recommended before a child enters school:

·         The first between ages 12 and 15 months

·         The second between ages 4 and 6 years, or between 11 and 12 if not previously given