Friday, October 23, 2015

Histology





Botulinum Toxin


Botulinum toxin is among the most deadly naturally occurring Neurotoxins, produced by the naturally occurring Clostridium botulinum and causing the fatal disease Botulism.  
Botulinum toxin is a protein consisting of seven related A-B toxins. Each botulinum toxin molecule is comprised of a heavy chain and of a light chain, connected by a disulfide bond. Botulinum toxin is a "blocking agent" preventing the release of certain neurotransmitters, specifically Acetylcholine, from the endings of the motor nerves.
Botulinum toxin has a light chain and a heavy chain, each of which contributes to the toxicity. The heavy chain allows the protein to bind to and enter a neuron. After the heavy chain allows entry, the light chain acts like a protease and cleaves proteins that would normally allow neurotransmitters to leave the cell. This is essentially a disruption of exocytosis or the release of neurotransmitters.


The blocked neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine, normally transmits a nerve impulse to a muscle, signaling the muscle to contract. By blocking this neurotransmitter, botulinum toxin causes its characteristic flaccid paralysis 

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